Kwi-2017, iNkanyamba enamandla i-Irma ijikeleze iMiami-Dade kunye nayo yonke iSouth Florida.
Kuwo wonke lo mmandla, iliso lesaqhwithi soDidi 4 labetha iFlorida Keys kumgama oziikhilomitha ezimbalwa, kwaye impembelelo yesaqhwithi yavakala ngcono. Kwakubi ngokwaneleyo: Umoya kunye nemvula zonakalisa uphahla, ukugawula imithi kunye neentambo zombane, kwaye amandla aphelile iintsuku - ngokugqithiseleyo, abantu abadala be-12 e-Broward County baphelela kumakhaya asebekhulile ngaphandle kombane.
Nangona kunjalo, ngaselunxwemeni lwaseBiscayne Bay, i-Irma yayinemimoya elingana neCategory 1 inkanyamba - enamandla ngokwaneleyo ukuthumela iinyawo ze-3 ukuya ngaphezu kweenyawo ze-6 zamanzi okuhlamba phezu kweebhloko ezininzi kwiindawo zaseMiami Brickell kunye neCoconut Grove, ukutshabalalisa ama-piers, ama-docks kunye neenqanawa. , izitrato ezikhukulisekileyo kangangeentsuku zazizaliswe luLwandle lwaseBiscay namaqokobhe, yaye zaqokelela izikhephe zeseyile nezinye izikhephe ngaselunxwemeni lwezindlu neeyadi kuMzantsi Bay Boulevard nakwitheku.
Imijelo edla ngokuthontelana echwebeni ibuyela umva njengoko umsinga usiya kumhlaba, uphuphuma ukuya kwiindawo, ezitalatweni nasemakhaya.
Umonakalo owenziwe ziindonga ezihamba ngokukhawuleza zebhayi, ngelixa ulinganiselwe kububanzi kunye nobukhulu, kwiimeko ezininzi kuthatha iminyaka kunye nezigidi zeedola ukulungisa.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuba isaqhwithi sasinobukhulu obufanayo kunye namandla njengeNkanyamba uYang, yayiza kutyhala isivunguvungu esincinci seenyawo ezili-15 kunxweme lwaseFort Myers Beach, sibethe ngqo i-Key Biscayne kunye namaziko amaninzi ahlala kwiziqithi ezithintelayo ezikhuselayo. Ezi ziquka iBiscayne Bay, iMiami Beach, kunye needolophu eziselunxwemeni ezithatha iimayile ezininzi emantla ngothotho lweziqithi ezinqatyisiweyo ezineengxaki.
Iingcali zibonisa ukuba inkxalabo yoluntu malunga neziphepho igxile kakhulu kumonakalo womoya. Kodwa isaqhwithi esikhulu, esicothayo soDidi le-4 njengeNkanyamba uYan siya kubangela intlekele yokuhlasela kunxweme oluninzi lwaseMiami-Dade nangaphakathi elizweni kunemephu yomngcipheko weNkanyamba ye-Irma ebonisa.
Iingcali ezininzi zithi i-Miami-Dade ihlala ingalungiswanga ngeendlela ezininzi, ngokwengqondo nangokwenyama, njengoko siqhubeka sikhula abahlali kunye nokujongana nobuthathaka bolwandle kunye namanzi aphantsi komhlaba ukusuka eMiami Beach ukuya eBrickell naseSouth Miami-Dade. Umgangatho wamanzi aphantsi komhlaba unyukile ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Amagosa karhulumente kumabala nakwizixeko ezisemngciphekweni ayazi kakuhle le mingcipheko. Iikhowudi zokwakha sele zifuna izakhiwo ezitsha zokuhlala kunye nezorhwebo kwiindawo ezisesichengeni sokunyuka kwamaza ukuze kunyuswe ukuze amanzi adlule kuzo ngaphandle kokuwonakalisa. I-Miami Beach kunye ne-Biscayne Bay zichithe izigidi zeedola ngoncedo lwe-federal ukubuyisela ukhuseleko lweendunduma kunye nokuphucula iilwandle ezigudle unxweme lweAtlantiki. Abasemagunyeni basebenza kwiindlela ezintsha, eziphefumlelwe yindalo zokunciphisa amandla okuza kwezaqhwithi, ukusuka kwiingqaqa ezenziweyo ezingaselunxwemeni ukuya kwiziqithi ezitsha ze<em>mangrove kunye “neendawo ezihlala unxweme” ezigudle i-bay.
Kodwa nezona zisombululo zingcono ziyancipha kunokuba zinqande iziphumo zoqhwithela olukhulu. Abaninzi kubo bakude. Nangona kunjalo, babenokuphumelela kuphela iminyaka engama-30 ngaphambi kokuba ukunyuka kwamaqondo olwandle kutshabalalise iinqaba kwakhona. Ngeli xesha, amawaka ezindlu ezindala kunye nezakhiwo ezisemhlabeni zihlala zisengozini yokunyuka kwamandla.
"Into oyibonayo kumzantsi-ntshona weFlorida isenze saxhalaba kakhulu malunga nokuba sesichengeni kunye nento ekufuneka siyenze," utshilo uRoland Samimi, igosa eliyintloko lokubuyisela kwidolophana yaseBiscayne Bay, eyi-3. 4 iinyawo ngaphezu kolwandle. kubavoti. I-100 yezigidi zeedola kwimithombo yenkxaso-mali evunyiweyo ukuxhasa iiprojekthi ezinkulu zokomelela.
“Unokuzikhusela kuphela kumaza. Kuya kuhlala kukho impembelelo. Awunakuze uyisuse. Awunako ukoyisa iliza.”
Xa isivunguvungu esinobudlova sihlasela i-Biscayne Bay ngexesha elizayo, amanzi anqabileyo aya kunyuka ukusuka kwindawo ephezulu yokuqala: ngokuhambelana nemilinganiselo ye-NOAA ye-tidal, amanqanaba olwandle asekuhlaleni anyuke ngaphezu kweepesenti ze-100 ukususela ngo-1950. Ikhuphuke ngee-intshi eziyi-8 kwaye ilindeleke. ukuvuka. ngo-16 ukuya ku-32 intshi ngo-2070, ngokutsho kweSivumelwano sokuTshintsha kweMozulu saseMazantsi-mpuma eFlorida.
Iingcali zithi ubunzima obunzima kunye nokunyanzeliswa kweengqungquthela ezikhawulezayo kunye namaza anqabileyo angonakalisa izakhiwo, amabhuloho, iigridi zamandla kunye nezinye iziseko zoluntu ngaphezu komoya, imvula kunye nezikhukhula kwiindawo ezisengozini yaseMiami-Dade. Amanzi, hayi umoya, ngoyena nobangela wokufa kwenkanyamba. Yile nto kanye eyenzekayo xa iNkanyamba u-Ian yavuthela amanzi amaninzi kunxweme lwaseCaptiva naseFort Myers kumzantsi-ntshona weFlorida, kwaye kwezinye iimeko kwizindlu, iibhulorho kunye nezinye izakhiwo kwiziqithi ezibini ezinemiqobo. Abantu abali-120, uninzi lwabo lwarhaxwa.
"Amanzi ahambayo anamandla amakhulu kwaye yiyona nto ibangela umonakalo omkhulu," kusho uDennis Hector, uprofesa wezokwakha kwiYunivesithi yaseMiami kunye nengcali yokunciphisa isiphepho kunye nokubuyiselwa kwesakhiwo.
Iimephu ezivela kwiziko leNkanyamba zibonisa ukuba indawo yaseMiami ixhaphake kakhulu kwi-surges kunendawo yase-Fort Myers, kwaye ngaphezu kwezixeko ezisenyakatho zolwandle ezifana ne-Fort Lauderdale okanye i-Palm Beach. Oku kungenxa yokuba amanzi eBiscayne Bay akanzulu kwaye angagcwala njengebhafu kwaye aphuphume ngobundlobongela kwiimayile ezininzi emhlabeni, ukunqumla iBiscayne Bay nangasemva konxweme.
Ubunzulu obuqhelekileyo bebhayi bungaphantsi kweenyawo ezintandathu. Umzantsi ongekho nzulu weBiscayne Bay wabangela ukuba amanzi aqokelelane aze aphakame ngokwawo xa isitshingitshane esinamandla sakhukulisa amanzi elunxwemeni. Uluntu oluphantsi kweekhilomitha ezingama-35 ukusuka kwi-bay, kuquka i-Homestead, i-Cutler Bay, i-Palmetto Bay, i-Pinecrest, i-Coconut Grove, kunye ne-Gables ngaseLwandle, isengozini kwezinye zezona zikhukula ezimbi kakhulu eMzantsi Florida.
UPenny Tannenbaum wayenethamsanqa xa u-Irma wabetha unxweme eCoconut Grove: waphuma, kwaye indlu yakhe eFairhaven Place, Bay Street kumjelo, yayiziimitha ezimbalwa kuphela ukusuka kumanzi ezikhukula. Kodwa ekufikeni kwakhe ekhaya, kukho unyawo olumile ngaphakathi. Imigangatho, iindonga, ifanitshala neekhabhathi zayo zatshatyalaliswa.
Ivumba elibi—umxube wentlenge engudaka nodaka olumdaka—lalinganyamezeleki. Unokontraka wesondlo awayemqeshile wangena endlwini enxibe isigqubuthelo segesi. Izitrato ezizingqongileyo zazigqunywe ngumhlaba obhityileyo.
UTannenbaum ukhumbula oku: “Kwakungathi ugalela ikhephu ngomhlakulo, ludaka olumdaka.
Lilonke, inkanyamba yabangela umonakalo omalunga nee-$300 000 kwikhaya nakwipropati kaTannenbaum yaza yamgcina engekho endlwini kangangeenyanga ezili-11.
Uqikelelo lweZiko leNkanyamba leSizwe malunga neYan libize amazambuko abalulekileyo ecaleni kwendlela yaseMiami-Dade ngaphambi nje kokuba indlela yesitshingitshane ijike emantla isuka eMzantsi Florida.
"I-Dadeland inamanzi yonke indlela eya e-US 1 nangaphaya," kusho uBrian House, usihlalo wesebe lezenzululwazi zaselwandle kwi-Johnston School of Oceanographic and Atmospheric Sciences. I-Rosenthal kwiYunivesithi yaseMichigan, eqhuba ilabhoratri yokulinganisa isiphango. “Olo luphawu oluhle lokuba sisemngciphekweni kangakanani na.”
Ukuba u-Irma wayengazange atshintshe ikhosi ngokunjalo, impembelelo yakhe eMiami-Dade yayiza kuba mbi ngokuphindaphindiweyo, uqikelelo lubonisa.
NgoSeptemba 7, 2017, iintsuku ezintathu ngaphambi kokuba i-Irma ifike eFlorida, iZiko leNkanyamba likaZwelonke laxela kwangaphambili ukuba iNkanyamba ye-4 yayiza kuwela emazantsi eMiami ngaphambi kokuba ijike ngasentla kwaye ihlasele unxweme olusempuma.
Ukuba u-Irma wayehleli kule ndlela, iziqithi ezithintelayo ezifana neMiami Beach kunye ne-Key Biscayne zaziza kuntywiliselwa ngokupheleleyo ekuphakameni kwesiqhwithi. EMazantsi eDade, amanzi ezikhukula aya kukhukulisa yonke i-intshi yaseHomestead, Cutler Bay kunye nePalmetto Bay kwimpuma ye-US. 1, kwaye ekugqibeleni unqumle uhola wendlela ukuya kwiindawo ezisezantsi ukuya ngasentshona, ezinokuthatha iintsuku okanye iiveki ukoma. Umlambo iMiami kunye nemijelo emininzi eSouth Florida isebenza njengenkqubo yeendlela zamanzi ezibonelela ngeendlela ezininzi zokungena emanzini.
Yenzekile ngaphambili. Kabini kule nkulungwane idlulileyo, iMiami-Dade ibone izaqhwithi ezinamandla njengoJan kwiGulf Coast.
Ngaphambi kweNkanyamba u-Andrew ngo-1992, irekhodi lesaqhwithi laseMzantsi Florida lalibanjwe yinkanyamba ye-Miami engachazwanga ngegama lika-1926, eyatyhala iinyawo ze-15 zamanzi kwiindonga ze-coconut groves. Isaqhwithi siphinde sahlamba iinyawo ezisibhozo ukuya kwezilithoba zamanzi phantsi kwe-Miami Beach. Imemo esemthethweni evela kwiofisi yeNkonzo yeMozulu yaseMiami ibhala ubungakanani bomonakalo.
Umphathi wesebe uRichard Gray ngowe-1926 wabhala: “IMiami Beach yayigutyungelwe zizikhukula, yaye xa amaza olwandle ayenabela eMiami. iindawo iimoto zingcwatywe ngokupheleleyo. Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emva kwesaqhwithi, kwagrunjwa imoto entlabathini, ngaphakathi apho kwakukho indoda, inkosikazi yayo kunye nemizimba yabantwana ababini" .
INkanyamba uAndrew, iNkanyamba yodidi 5 nesinye sezona zinamandla zakha zantlitha ilizwekazi laseUnited States, yaphula irekhodi yowe-1926. Ebudeni bomkhukula, umphakamo wamanzi wafikelela phantse kwiinyawo ezili-17 ngaphezu komphakamo oqhelekileyo wolwandle, njengoko kulinganiswe ngomaleko wodaka olubekwe kwiindonga kumgangatho wesibini wekomkhulu elidala laseBurger King, ngoku elibekwe ePalmetto Bay. Iliza latshabalalisa indlu eyakhiwe ngamaplanga kwindawo ekufutshane yaseDearing kwaye lashiya inqanawa yophando ebude buziimitha ezili-105 kwindawo engasemva yendlu engaphandle kweOld Cutler Drive.
Nangona kunjalo, uAndrey wayesisitshingitshane. Uluhlu lokugqabhuka oluvelisayo, ngelixa lunamandla, lulinganiselwe kakhulu.
Ukususela ngoko, abantu nezindlu ziye zanda ngokumangalisayo kweminye yemimandla esengozini. Kule minyaka ingama-20 idlulileyo, uphuhliso lwenze amawakawaka amagumbi amatsha, amagumbi kwiindawo zokuhlala ezixhaphake zizikhukula zase-Edgewater naseBrickell Miami, iidolophu zaseCoral Gables kunye neCutler Bay, kunye neMiami Beach kunye neSunshine Banks kunye neHouse Islands Beach. .
E-Brickell iyodwa, izikhukula zezakhiwo ezitsha eziphakamileyo zonyuse inani labantu lilonke ukusuka phantse kuma-55,000 ngo-2010 ukuya kuma-68,716 kubalo lwabantu luka-2020. Idatha yobalo ibonisa ukuba ikhowudi ye-zip 33131, enye yeekhowudi ezintathu ezigquma uBrickell, iphindwe kane kwiiyunithi zezindlu phakathi kuka-2000 no-2020.
E-Biscayne Bay, inani labahlali bonyaka wonke liye landa ukusuka kwi-10,500 ngo-2000 ukuya kwi-14,800 ngo-2020, kwaye inani leeyunithi zezindlu liye landa ukusuka kwi-4,240 ukuya kwi-6,929. imijelo, enabemi besanda ukusuka kuma-7 000 ukusa kuma-49 250 ngelo xesha. Ukusukela ngo-2010, iCutler Bay yamkele malunga nama-5,000 abahlali kwaye namhlanje inabemi abangaphezu kwama-45,000.
EMiami Beach kunye nezixeko ezinabela emantla ukuya eSunny Isles Beach naseGold Beach, abantu bahlala bezinzile unyaka wonke njengoko uninzi lwabasebenzi bethutyana bathenga izakhiwo ezitsha ezinomgangatho ophezulu, kodwa inani lezindlu emva kowama-2000. ngabantu abayi-105,000.
Bonke baphantsi kwesisongelo sokutyhubela ngamandla kwaye bafuduswa ngexesha loqhwithela olukhulu. Kodwa iingcali zoyika ukuba abanye banokungasiqondi ngokupheleleyo isoyikiso esibangelwa kukutyatyaziswa okanye baqonde iinuances zedatha yoqikelelo. Ngabahlali abaninzi abahlala ekhaya njengoko inkanyamba yaya ikhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye yaya emazantsi ngaphambi kokuba yenze umhlaba, ukudideka okanye ukutolika ngendlela echanekileyo yokutshintsha kwendlela ye-Yang kunokulibazisa imiyalelo yokufuduka kwe-Lee County kwaye igcine inani lokufa liphezulu.
Indlu ka-UM yaphawula ukuba utshintsho kwiindlela zesaqhwithi ezikwiikhilomitha nje ezimbalwa zinokwenza umahluko phakathi kwesaqhwithi esitshabalalisayo esifana neso sabonwa eFort Myers kunye nomonakalo omncinci. Inkanyamba uAndrew yajika ngomzuzu wokugqibela kwaye yabamba abantu abaninzi ekhaya kwindawo yayo yempembelelo.
“U-Ian ngumzekelo omhle,” utshilo uHouse. "Ukuba isondela naphi na kufutshane noqikelelo lweentsuku ezimbini ukusukela ngoku, nokuba ziikhilomitha ezili-10 emantla, iPort Charlotte iya kuba nentlekele enkulu kuneFort Myers Beach."
Eklasini, wathi, “Landela imiyalelo yokufuduka. Musa ukucinga ukuba uqikelelo luya kuba lugqibelele. Cinga ngezona zinto zimbi. Ukuba akunjalo, vuya.
Inani lezinto, kubandakanywa i-Topography yendawo kunye nesalathiso sesiphango, isantya somoya kunye nobukhulu bendawo yomoya, inokuchaphazela indlela enzima ngayo kunye nalapho ityhala khona amanzi, utshilo u-House.
I-East Florida ayinakukwazi ukufumana isiphango esiyingozi kune-Florida yasentshona.
Unxweme olusentshona lweFlorida lujikelezwe ngummango ongenzulu weemayile ezili-150 olwaziwa ngokuba yiWest Florida Shelf. NjengaseBiscayne Bay, onke amanzi angekho nzulu ngakunxweme lweGulf Coast anegalelo ekukhuleni kweziphango. Kunxweme olusempuma, ngokuchaseneyo, ishelufu yelizwekazi idlulela kuphela malunga nekhilomitha ukusuka elunxwemeni kwindawo yayo encinci kufutshane nomda weBroward kunye nePalm Beach.
Oku kuthetha ukuba amanzi anzulu eBiscayne Bay kunye neelwandle zinokufunxa amanzi amaninzi abangelwa ziinkanyamba, ngoko ke awabongezi kangako.
Nangona kunjalo, ngokweNational Hurricane Centre's Storm Surge Risk Map, umngcipheko wamaza ongaphezu kweenyawo ezili-9 ngexesha leSiphango seSiphepho se-4 siya kwenzeka kwiindawo ezininzi zonxweme lwase-South Miami-Dade e-Biscayne Bay, kwiindawo ezikufutshane noMlambo iMiami, kwaye iindawo ezahlukeneyo. imijelo, kunye nomva weziqithi ezithintelayo ezifana neBiscayne Bay kunye neelwandle. Ngapha koko, iMiami Beach isezantsi kunomda wamanzi, iyenza ibe sesichengeni ngakumbi kumaza njengoko unqumla ibheyi.
Iimephu ze-splash ezisuka kwiZiko leNkanyamba zibonisa ukuba iNqanaba lesi-4 lesaqhwithi liyakuthumela amaza amakhulu eemayile ezininzi phakathi kwelizwe kwezinye iindawo. Amanzi arhabaxa angakhukula kwicala elingasempuma lonxweme lwaseMiami kunye ne-Upper East Side yaseMiami, adlulele ngaphaya koMlambo iMiami yonke indlela eya eHialeah, akhukulise ilali yaseCoral Gables empuma ye-Old Cutler Road enamanzi angaphezu kwama-9 amanzi, Isikhukula sasePinecrest kwaye sihlasele aMakhaya kwifama yaseMiami empuma.
Abacwangcisi bedolophana bathi iNkanyamba uYan ngokwenene yazisa ingozi enokubakho kubahlali baseBiscayne Bay, kodwa isaqhwithi sashiya unxweme olusempuma ye-Orlando, eFlorida emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa. Emva kweveki, imo yezulu ephazamisayo ayishiya ngasemva yathumela "isitimela sempahla" elunxwemeni lwaseBiscayne Bay, eyonakaliswe kakhulu, umlawuli wocwangciso lweelali uJeremy Kaleros-Gogh uthe. Amaza agibisela izixa ezikhulu zesanti kwiindunduma, nto leyo eyabuyisela izandyondyo zesaqhwithi ezizolileyo, nasemiphethweni yeepaki eziselunxwemeni kunye nezakhiwo.
“Kwi-Biscayne Beach, abantu bayasefa ngendlela ongazange ubabone ngayo ngaphambili,” utshilo uCalleros-Goger.
Igosa elijongene nokomelela kwilali yaseSamimi longeze lathi: “Ulwandle lubandezelekile. Abahlali banokuyibona kakuhle le nto. Abantu bayayibona. Asiyothiyori.”
Noko ke, iingcali zithi kwaneyona mimiselo ilungileyo, ubunjineli kunye namayeza endalo akanakukwazi ukuphelisa iingozi kubomi babantu ukuba abantu abayithathi nzulu loo nto. Banexhala lokuba uninzi lwabemi balapho kudala bezilibala izifundo zika-Andrew, nangona amawakawaka abantu abasandul’ ukufika engazange adibane nesaqhwithi setropiki. Boyika ukuba abaninzi abayi kuyihoya imiyalelo yokufuduka eya kufuna ukuba amawaka abantu ashiye amakhaya abo ngexesha lesaqhwithi esikhulu.
USodolophu waseMiami-Dade uDaniella Levine Cava uthe uqinisekile ukuba inkqubo yesilumkiso yangethuba yedolophu ayizukufaka mntu engxakini xa isaqhwithi esikhulu sisongela ngokubetha. Uye waphawula ukuba iindawo ezishukumayo zenkqubo ziphawulwe ngokucacileyo kwaye idolophu ibonelela ngoncedo ngendlela yohambo olujikelezayo olusa abahlali kwiindawo zokuhlala.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-10-2022